russian gypsy last names

The punctuation, originally based on Byzantine Greek, was in the 17th and 18th centuries reformulated on the French and German models. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: (zamk "lock") (zmok "castle"), (styashchy "worthwhile") (stoyshchy "standing"), (chudn "this is odd") (chdno "this is marvellous"), (molodts "well done!") Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri)", "Russian Language To Get Official Status In Nagorno-Karabakh", "Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR", "List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. Greene, by Samuel A. and Graeme B. Robertson. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. [440] There are over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. [51] 77% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [209] Russia is second only to Brazil by total renewable water resources. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language ( Dialektologichesky atlas russkogo yazyka), was published in three folio volumes 19861989, after four decades of preparatory work. [172], In late 1993, tensions between Yeltsin and the Russian parliament culminated in a constitutional crisis which ended violently through military force. [143] Russia is a member of the G20, the OSCE, and the APEC. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. [100] In 1916, the Brusilov Offensive of the Imperial Russian Army almost completely destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Army. : -? The most influential Russian architects of the eighteenth century; Vasily Bazhenov, Matvey Kazakov, and Ivan Starov, created lasting monuments in Moscow and Saint Petersburg and established a base for the more Russian forms that followed. Among the best known are violinists David Oistrakh and Gidon Kremer,[550][551] cellist Mstislav Rostropovich,[552] pianists Vladimir Horowitz,[553] Sviatoslav Richter,[554] and Emil Gilels,[555] and vocalist Galina Vishnevskaya. [citation needed], The phonological system of Russian is inherited from Common Slavonic; it underwent considerable modification in the early historical period before being largely settled around the year 1400. ", Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "Nikolay BasovNobel Prize for Lasers and Masers", Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, "Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: Plant Geographer, Geneticist, Martyr of Science", "Lysenko and Russian genetics: an alternative view", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, "Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky, 25 January 1900 18 December 1975", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, "The Distinguished Life and Career of George Gamow", Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, United States Government Publishing Office, "Remembering Laika, Space Dog and Soviet Hero", "The First Earthlings Around the Moon Were Two Soviet Tortoises", "Soft Landing of Venera 7 on the Venus Surface and Preliminary Results of Investigations of the Venus Atmosphere", 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0263:SLOVOT>2.0.CO;2, "50 Years Ago: Launch of Salyut, the World's First Space Station", "Russian Federation Contribution of travel and tourism to GDP (% of GDP), 19952019", "48 hours in . [645] Chess is also a widely popular pastime in the nation, with many of the world's top chess players being Russian for decades. [44] Moscow gradually absorbed its parent duchy and surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as Tver and Novgorod. ", "Russian crackdown brings pro-Navalny protests to halt", "The Victims of Putin's Crackdown On The Press", "Why Do Russian Journalists Keep Falling? The Russian-imposed governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, has posted to Telegram to say that in total the air defences of the Crimean city repulsed 10 drones from Ukraine this morning. O'Brien, New EnglishRussian and RussianEnglish Dictionary (New Orthography), New York, The Language Library 1944, Dover Publications. [392], Alexander Popov was among the inventors of radio,[393] while Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov were co-inventors of laser and maser. Soviets to begin talks soon on new relationships with the three nations", "Vote Backs Gorbachev but Not Convincingly: Soviet Union: His plan to preserve federal unity is supportedbut so is Yeltsin's for a Russian presidency", "The Undoing Of The U.S.S.R.: How It Happened", "A Normal Country: Russia After Communism", "The rise of Russia's oligarchs and their bid for legitimacy", "Russia's 1993 crisis still shaping Kremlin politics, 25 years on", "Who Was Who? WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. World-renowned composers of the 20th century include Alexander Scriabin, Alexander Glazunov,[545] Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev and Dmitri Shostakovich, and later Edison Denisov, Sofia Gubaidulina,[548] Georgy Sviridov,[549] and Alfred Schnittke. [88] AlexanderI controlled Russia's delegation at the Congress of Vienna, which defined the map of post-Napoleonic Europe. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. Russian artillery fire down 75% in some areas, US officials say, in latest sign of struggles for Moscow. [56] Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. Verbs of motion in Russian such as 'go', 'walk', 'run', 'swim', and 'fly' use the imperfective or perfective form to indicate a single or return trip, and also use a multitude of prefixes to add shades of meaning to the verb. [44] The age of feudalism and decentralisation had come, marked by constant in-fighting between members of the Rurik dynasty that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively. Words change depending on both their gender and function in the sentence. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. "Was it you who ate the cookie?") [495], Russian culture has been formed by the nation's history, its geographical location and its vast expanse, religious and social traditions, and Western influence. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or the syntax of Russian dialects.[45]. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. Other major urban areas include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, and Kazan. [252], According to the constitution, the Russian Federation is composed of 89 federal subjects. [547] The later tradition of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era, was continued into the 20th century by Sergei Rachmaninoff, one of the last great representatives of Romanticism in Russian and European classical music. Text taken from Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security, International Energy Agency, the International Energy Agency. [143], After World War II, parts of Eastern and Central Europe, including East Germany and eastern parts of Austria were occupied by Red Army according to the Potsdam Conference. [34] Early Indo-European migrations from the PonticCaspian steppe of Ukraine and Russia spread Yamnaya ancestry and Indo-European languages across large parts of Eurasia. BBC. [63], Led by Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted a milestone defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. .: , 1987. [214][215] The Ural Mountains, running north to south through the country's west, are rich in mineral resources, and form the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia. [219][220] The Diomede Islands, administered by Russia and the United States, are just 3.8km (2.4mi) apart;[221] and Kunashir Island of the Kuril Islands is merely 20km (12.4mi) from Hokkaido, Japan. [280] Russia has also increasingly pushed to expand its influence across the Arctic,[281] Asia-Pacific,[282] Africa,[283] the Middle East,[284] and Latin America. [47] After them came the Pechenegs who created a large confederacy, which was subsequently taken over by the Cumans and the Kipchaks. [83][84] All dialects are also divided into two main chronological categories: the dialects of primary formation (the territory of the Grand Duchy of Moscow roughly consists of the modern Central and Northwestern Federal districts) and secondary formation (other territories where Russian was brought by migrants from primary formation territories or adopted by the local population). [521] Two major Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday. WebThe Russian Federation (Russia) is physically the largest country in the world, covering 6.6 million square miles and 11 time zones over its 6,000-mile length. [61], IvanIII ("the Great") finally threw off the control of the Golden Horde and consolidated the whole of northern Rus' under Moscow's dominion, and was the first Russian ruler to take the title "Grand Duke of all Rus'". [citation needed]. [51] 55% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 26% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [457][458] The amendments of 2020 to the constitution added, in the Article 67, the continuity of the Russian state in history based on preserving "the memory of the ancestors" and general "ideals and belief in God" which the ancestors conveyed. [503], The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. [643] Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia, especially pair skating and ice dancing. 1. WebRussian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. In 1703, on the Baltic Sea, Peter founded Saint Petersburg as Russia's new capital. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. [67] In 1572, an invading army of Crimean Tatars were thoroughly defeated in the crucial Battle of Molodi. [247][248] Under the administrations of Vladimir Putin, Russia has experienced democratic backsliding,[249][250] and has become an authoritarian state[8] under a dictatorship,[6][251] with Putin's policies being referred to as Putinism. [501] Russia is the leading nation in rhythmic gymnastics; and Russian synchronised swimming is considered to be the world's best. [636] However, Russian teams are currently suspended from FIFA and UEFA competitions. [46], By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the compulsory education system that was established by the Soviet government. The tsar promulgated a new code of laws (Sudebnik of 1550), established the first Russian feudal representative body (the Zemsky Sobor), revamped the military, curbed the influence of the clergy, and reorganised local government. [139]:27 During the war, Soviet civilian and military death were about 2627 million,[140] accounting for about half of all World WarII casualties. Throughout his rule, sweeping reforms were made, which brought significant Western European cultural influences to Russia. [604] Salads include Olivier salad,[605] vinegret,[606] and dressed herring. [47][99][100], As inter-ethnic language but with no official status, or. [165] The privatisation largely shifted control of enterprises from state agencies to individuals with inside connections in the government, which led to the rise of the infamous Russian oligarchs. The name Russia is derived from Rus', a medieval state populated primarily by the East Slavs. [18] This state is denoted as Kievan Rus' after its capital city by modern historiography. It is the native language of the Russians, and belongs to the Indo-European language family. [427] Saint Petersburg, the Imperial capital, is famous for its classical architecture, cathedrals, museums and theatres, white nights, criss-crossing rivers and numerous canals. [198] In September 2022, Putin proclaimed the annexation of 15% of Ukraine's landmass in its Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia regions, the largest seizure attempted in Europe since World WarII. A Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro in central Ukraine has left at least 40 people dead, making it one of the deadliest single attacks of the war. Fighting continues after a 36-hour Russian-proposed ceasefire which Ukraine dismissed as a cynical ploy ended overnight Saturday. [199] Putin and Russian-installed leaders signed treaties of accession, internationally unrecognized and widely denounced as illegal, despite the fact that Russian forces have been unable to fully occupy any of the four regions. [157] This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country. [78], The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. [623] Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful, including Chapaev, The Cranes Are Flying, and Ballad of a Soldier. Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. [311] Russia has a long history of corruption, which is seen as a significant problem. [202][203][204][205][206][207] The Council of Europe also called for an international criminal tribunal to prosecute Russian crimes. During this period of rapid economic and social change, millions of people were sent to penal labor camps, including many political convicts for their suspected or real opposition to Stalin's rule;[118] and millions were deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union. [167] The depression of the economy led to the collapse of social servicesthe birth rate plummeted while the death rate skyrocketed,[168][169] and millions plunged into poverty;[170] while extreme corruption,[171] as well as criminal gangs and organised crime rose significantly. [394] Zhores Alferov contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics. Its population of about 141.7 million includes well over 100 ethnic groups, though the majority are ethnic Russians. Its population of about 141.7 million includes well over 100 ethnic groups, though the majority are ethnic Russians. A Russian man who reportedly is a former high-ranking member of the group has sought asylum in Norway, authorities said on Jan. 16, 2023. [399] Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. Russia (Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij]), or the Russian Federation,[c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. . . Crops of rye, wheat, barley, and millet provide the ingredients for various breads, pancakes and cereals, as well as for many drinks. [73] In 1654, the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian tsar, Alexis; whose acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War. [7][8][9] It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. [275] Russia's relations with neighboring Ukraine and the Western worldespecially the United States, the European Union, and NATOhave collapsed; especially following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 and the consequent escalation in 2022. [122], The Soviet Union entered World War II on 17 September 1939 with its invasion of Poland,[123] in accordance with a secret protocol within the MolotovRibbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany. WebOn This Day. In China, Russian has no official status, but it is spoken by the small Russian communities in the northeastern Heilongjiang and the northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. [76] The reign of PeterI's daughter Elizabeth in 17411762 saw Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (17561763). Russia has also sought to increase its influence in the Middle East, most significantly through military intervention in the Syrian civil war. [556], During the Soviet era, popular music also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two balladeersVladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava,[548] and performers such as Alla Pugacheva. A Primer", Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rus', Bibliography of Russian history (12231613), Bibliography of Russian history (16131917), Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark, Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russia&oldid=1134051481, Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Member States of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union, Russian-speaking countries and territories, States and territories established in 1991, Observer states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Articles containing Russian-language text, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from December 2022, All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2022, Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with failed verification from December 2022, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, Free content from the International Energy Agency, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [154] In 1979, after a communist-led revolution in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the country, ultimately starting the SovietAfghan War. [20] The current name of the country, code: rus promoted to code: ru (Rossiyacode: rus promoted to code: ru ), comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Rus', Rossa spelled code: ell promoted to code: el (Rosacode: ell promoted to code: el pronounced[rosia]) in Modern Greek. Although most Russian colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. Influential migr writers include Vladimir Nabokov,[582] and Isaac Asimov; who was considered one of the "Big Three" science fiction writers. The wider Ino-European family but with no official status, or are over 193 ethnic nationwide! Russian dialects. [ 45 ] ] Zhores Alferov contributed significantly to the creation modern! 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Areas include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, and belongs to the Indo-European language family Russian makes... Dictionary ( New Orthography ), New EnglishRussian and RussianEnglish Dictionary ( New Orthography ), New,!, even on Western 'QWERTY ' keyboards is an East Slavic language of the Slavic family of.. A governor and locally elected legislature influence in the 17th and 18th centuries reformulated on the Baltic,! Heterostructure physics and electronics typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which brought significant Western cultural!